Given the multitude of environmental challenges the Aral Sea region countries are facing, sustainable and cost-efficient approaches are needed to secure the well-being of the local population and environmental resilience. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living species on Earth, including plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi. Rivers and streams light up with aquatic biodiversity across the South. They're all part of the species biodiversity of this small ecosystem. In fact, tropical rain forests have the most diversity. Deforestation is a major threat . All of these threats have put a serious strain on the diversity of species on Earth. To properly catalogue all the life on Earth, we also have to recognize the genetic diversity that exists within species, as well as the diversity of entire habitats and ecosystems. The hard work of humansand natures resiliencecan help even the most endangered species climb back from the abyss. 2006, Hooper et al. UNEP-WCMC (2022a) Protected Area Profile for Lower Amudarya Biosphere Reserve from the World Database of Protected Areas. versus benefits (e.g., fisheries development, biodiversity restoration, income opportunities and etc.). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-011-0262-5, Dubey PK, Singh A, Chaurasia R, Pandey KK, Singh S (2021) Fostering Nature-Based Solutions for Ecorestoration and Attain- ing United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. The formal conceptualization defines NbS as actions to protect, sustainably manage, and restore natural or modified ecosystems, that address societal challenges effectively and adaptively, simultaneously providing human well-being and biodiversity benefits (IUCN, 2016). The top 10 most biodiverse countries - Mongabay Environmental News o adaptive immune system Hence option B is correct. Maps like these offer a valuable tool to officials and conservationists who are scrambling to protect biodiversity. Also, if afforestation is not based on a scientifically sound selection of plant species and is comprised of monocultures only, the efforts may end up being unsustainable in terms of vulnerability to various diseases and a limited carbon capture capacity of an individual plant (Seddon, et al., 2020), as well as limiting potential biodiversity benefits. (Human beings have about 25,000 genes, while rice has more than 56,000.) Many cases reported on not the actual implementation and outcomes of NbS, but rather on the potential of adopting specific approaches (e.g., agroforestry/intercropping on marginal lands, application of halophytes to restore degraded soil on grazelands) as a tool to rehabilitate degraded land and wetlands. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. https://doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.2020.09.en, IUCN (2020) IUCN Global Standard for Nature-based Solutions: a user-friendly framework for the verification, design and scaling up of NbS: first edition. There can be a lot of variation in genesjust think about all the colors, sizes, and shapes that make up the genetic diversity of dogs. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15498, Article A wealth of research into the relationships among diversity, stability, and ecosystem functioning has been conducted in recent years (reviewed by Balvanera et al. Additionally, a warm water temperature promote most species to reproduce, which also has a positive impact in biodiversity. Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. Sustain Sci 15:12551266. The Aral Seaformerly the fourth largest inland lake in the world, and the centre of a thriving fishing industryhas shrunk drastically since the early 1960s due to the misuse of river flow for irrigation, and is now represented by a highly saline southern Aral Sea in Uzbekistan and northern Aral Sea in Kazakhstan. The Southeastern United States has a high concentration of freshwater mussels, those humble mollusks that help keep streams and rivers clean by filtering water. You have not even scratched the surface of the biodiversity within the pond. Ecosystems that host the most biodiversity tend to have ideal environmental conditions for plant growth, like the warm and wet climate of tropical regions. Our review of nature-based solutions in rural dryland ecosystems returned a limited number of case studies of actual NbS application; particularly those that described specific outcomes and lessons learned, demonstrated success and socio-economic benefits, and sustained results. LA. Biodiversity and Ecosystem Stability | Learn Science at Scitable - Nature But they are one of the most imperiled wildlife groups in the United States. Search results included English and Russian languages for both search engines, as a majority of the research performed historically in Central Asia has been reported in the Russian language; results returned in any other languages were excluded (due to linguistic limitations of the research team). For example, the grass in pastures feeds cattle. In fact, new ecosystems were created twice in the place of once fourth largest inland water body on the planet: a desert (Aralkum) was formed initially, which is now being replaced by afforested areas. The non-systematic review primarily focused on the grey literature (i.e., the IUCN handbooks and guidance, as well as the UN resolution papers). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6652-5_13, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Taha FK, Matsuo N, Ismail S, Aralova DB, Radjabov TF (2013b) Integrating agroforestry and pastures for soil salinity management in dryland ecosystems in Aral Sea basin. However, it is crucial to mention that the success of NbS and the long-term effectiveness of their socio-economic benefits highly depend on the environmental awareness (Gmez Martn, Mez Costa, Egerer, & Schneider, 2021), and thus perception and understanding of NbS and their potential benefits. 2021. Survival and reproduction of Artemia are influenced by a number of factors, among which the most significant is the salinity and water temperature (Marden, et al., 2012), (Qi, et al., 2021), (Aladin, et al., 2018). By Catrin Einhorn and Nadja PopovichMarch 3, 2022. Annotated List of Wetlands of International Importance: Uzbekistan. But every year, thousands of species goextinct, or die out entirely, before scientists can determine whether they might be useful in medicines.Decreasing BiodiversityIn the past hundred years, biodiversity around the world has decreased dramatically. Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of plants and animals in existence. Marine ecosystems are habitats like. J Arid Land 11:114. The most prominent native species in terms of the ability to grow in sandy, loamy and saline soils are reported to be Saxaul (Haloxylon), Salsola Richteri (Moq) Karel ex Litv and Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), Krascheninnikovia eversmanniana and Artemisia ferganensis (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). Dry areas are reported to be among the most vulnerable to land degradation caused by climate change and anthropogenic activities (UNCCD, 2017), and, in case of the global temperature rise over targeted 1,5C, they will be more susceptible to increased surface warming than humid areas. NbS can often incorporate traditional knowledge, and should ideally involve a wide range of stakeholders - in particular, local communities. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. The government of Uzbekistan has officially stated that it will now be impossible to restore the Aral Sea to its former (pre-1960) state, and has instead committed to mitigate the consequences of this ecological disaster on human wellbeing, environment and the local economy. Think youre done? Jamba 10. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v10i1.400, Bonn A, Allott T, Evans M, Joosten H, Stoneman R (2016) Peatland restoration and ecosystem services: Nature-based solutions for societal goals. The relative cost-efficiency of NbS (Bonn, Allott, Evans, Joosten, & Stoneman, 2016), (Girardin, et al., 2021) has led to their increased popularity recently.NbS offer quite a range of benefits (Seddon, et al., 2020), (Girardin, et al., 2021), including biodiversity conservation, ecosystem restoration, climate change mitigation and adaptation.As drylands around the world are projected to . The only species that currently survives in what is known as the southern Aral Sea in Uzbekistan is brine shrimp (Artemia). Endemic speciesspecies that are only found in one particular locationare also found in hotspots. Occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs are home to more than 25% of all marine life. Summary: Amazonia represents the quintessence of biodiversity - the richest ecosystem on earth. J Environ Plan Manage 59:142162. The plants need healthy soil to grow. Note: Green areas reflect federal, state and local biodiversity protections. Take the Clean Earth Challenge and help make the planet a happier, healthier place. It can be studied on many levels. GISci Remote Sens. (2013), fluctuations in the water table of wetlands can kill roe that fish lay on the shores with the already shallow water table. Seifollahi-Aghmiuni S, Nockrach M, Kalantari Z (2019) The Potential of Wetlands in Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals of the 2030 Agenda. Afforestation of irrigated cropland in combination with agroforestry in the Aral Sea basin is recommended by a number of authors (Djalilov, Khamzina, Hornidge, & Lamers, 2016), (Dubovyk, Menz, & Khamzina, 2016), (Khamzina, Lamers, Worbes, Botman, & Vlek, 2006), (Kumar, Khamzina, Knfel, Lamers, & Tischbein, 2021) as a means to reduce soil salinity on degraded agricultural lands, which could be another solution to reduce salinity and improve soil quality of abandoned croplands. o innate immune system (Li, Chen, Zhang, & Pan, 2019), there is an ongoing drastic shrinkage of water bodies in Karakalpakstan leading to the loss of invaluable ecosystem services they provide. We conducted a systematic review on the topic of nature-based solutions in terrestrial dryland ecosystems around the world, with a specific focus on the Aral Sea region in Uzbekistan. (Toderich, et al., 2013a) suggest that the best way to rehabilitate saline soils in desert rangelands is to plant salt-resistant wild halophytes, which represent a low-cost solution. Retrieved from https://knowledge.unccd.int/sites/default/files/ldn_targets/2019-04/Uzbekistan LDN TSP Country Report_0.pdf, Sweeney OF, Turnbull J, Jones M, Letnic M, Newsome TM, Sharp A (2019) An Australian perspective on rewilding. In some cases, it has been demonstrated that protected areas can, among other things, provide human health benefits and thus can offset healthcare costs (Oberle, Mackinnon, & Sandwith, 2021). Precious Heritage: The Status of Biodiversity in the United States. Discover Life in America: All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory Database. That includes 29 percent of all amphibians, 21 percent of all mammals, and 12 percent of all birds. A half acre of rainforest would likely have greater biodiversity than a full acre of desert. The geographic precision now available, Dr. Hamilton said, can allow private individuals and conservation groups to focus more accurately on preventing extinctions. High niche diversity refers to the presence of multiple traits in the same or different species, which is a characteristic of ecosystems with a high biodiversity. o adaptive immune system If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. Based on the information in the chart, which ecosystem most likely has One of the greatest threats to biodiversity is habitat loss. Scientists estimate that species are dying out at hundreds of times the natural rate.A major reason for the loss of biodiversity is that natural habitats are being destroyed. Tropical forests are widely considered to have the greatest species diversity of the terrestrial biomes but diversity is also high in the temperate deciduous biome and Low species diversity : The tundra biome has the least biodiversity, but the northern coniferous biome also has low species diversity. UN Report: Nature's Dangerous Decline 'Unprecedented'; Species California committed to 30x30 even before the federal government did. Rewilding should, however, be locally tailored not only within the context of a region or a continent, but also within the context of one single country (Sweeney, et al., 2019), as the number of factors influencing rewilding success may differ spatially. Biodiversity | National Wildlife Federation Most people recognize biodiversity by speciesa group of individual living organisms that can interbreed. Also, wetlands in drylands are considered crucial for regional biodiversity (Williams, 1999), and the vital importance of wetlands and ecosystem services they provide in dry areas such as the Aral Sea region cannot be neglected. 1 for the world map of drylands). speech and language skills? IUCN has set out a Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions (IUCN, 2020), which defines eight criteria for addressing societal, economic, and environmental dimensions for NbS design and implementation (Fig. These are afforestation, wetland restoration, rangeland restoration and protected areas establishment in Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region in the far-western part of Uzbekistan. Water-Based Ecosystems We can break water-based ecosystems into three categories. Publications that did not include nature-based solutions as a specific term, but included the term ecosystem-based approaches were still considered based on the content and relevance to the subject area and the geographic focus. Sarah Appleton, National Geographic Society. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.3642, Kumar N, Khamzina A, Knfel P, Lamers JP, Tischbein B (2021) Afforestation of degraded croplands as a watersaving option in irrigated region of the aral sea basin. Moreover, literature review explicitly revealed that wetland restoration in the Aral Sea basin has never been documented as a nature-based solution, nor has rangeland restoration been. Australia's biodiversity is in steep decline, posing major risks to human health. Glob Change Biol 26:61346155. Hence, nature-based solutions can be more broadly categorized as managed interventions to restore the environment or ecosystems specifically, by eventually having a positive impact on the local communities. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. But human activity has changed the natural processes of extinction and evolution. The chart shows information regarding the four ecosystems that has the highest biodiversity. As biodiversity decreases, these systems break down.Hundreds of industries rely on plant biodiversity.Agriculture, construction, medical andpharmaceutical, fashion, tourism, andhospitalityall depend on plants for their success. Species that are now abundant arent going to be if we dont protect some of these other habitats, said Brian ODonnell, the director of Campaign for Nature, a coalition of conservation groups. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-0755(199911/12)9:6<517::AID-AQC383>3.0.CO;2-C, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jag.2021.102635, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Most medical discoveries to cure diseases and lengthen life spans were made because of research into plant and animal biology and genetics. LESNOY ZHURNAL-FORESTRY JOURNAL, 51-59. https://doi.org/10.37482/0536-1036-2020-2-51-59, Bekele T, Haile Y (2021) Intensification of climate change mitigation and adaptation actions through wetland conservation: the case of Ethiopian freshwater wetlands. https://doi.org/10.1080/15324982.2013.855958, Schad P (2014) World reference base for soil resources 2014. https://www.fao.org/3/i3794en/I3794en.pdf, Schlter M, Khasankhanova G, Talskikh V, Taryannikova R, Agaltseva N, Joldasova I, Abdullaev U (2013) Enhancing resilience to water flow uncertainty by integrating environmental flows into water management in the Amudarya River, Central Asia. Plants, fungi, and animals such as worms keep soilfertileand water clean. 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This is only a small portion of the total number of species on Earth. An ecosystem is a region where a bubble of life is created by plants, animals, and other organisms interacting with the weather, environment, and other factors.Abiotic variables, or nonliving components, coexist with biotic components in ecosystems. Ecosystems with a lot of biodiversity are generally stronger and more resistant to disaster than those with fewer species. #9: India Yao Y, Fu B, Liu Y, Wang Y, Song S (2021) The contribution of ecosystem restoration to sustainable development goals in Asian drylands: A literature review. If we do not stop the threats to biodiversity, we could be facing another mass extinction with dire consequences to the environment, and human health and livelihood. All dogs are part of the same species, but their genes can dictate whether they are Chihuahua or a Great Dane. To identify concentrations of imperiled biodiversity, the scientists created models for more than 2,200 species based on where they are known to exist and their habitat needs. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40333-018-0073-3. World of Biology. To submit a letter to the editor for publication, write to, This Map Shows Where Biodiversity Is Most at Risk in America. Powerful PollinatorsBees, birds, and other creatures pollinate 75 percent of the world's major crops. A water ecosystem with high niche diversity and warm water temperatures will likely have a high biodiversity. Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rainforest species in their search for cures. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2020.09.001, Oberle B, Mackinnon K, Sandwith T (2021) Vital sites: Protected and conserved areas offer solutions for building back better. The issue with low plant survival rates on the dried-out seabed in Uzbekistan is not uncommon: according to Shomurodov et al., (2021), survival rate of plant species in afforested areas is as low as 20%. (2022) https://lex.uz/docs/5892355, Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language). Which ecosystem has the highest biodiversity? Prvlie R (2016) Drylands extent and environmental issues. This in turn defines fish abundance and eventually impacts local biodiversity and livelihoods. This state-by-state analysis of U.S. biodiversity ranks all 50 states on several key biological characteristics, including diversity of species, endemism, levels of rarity and risk, and species already lost to extinction. Scientists are interested in how much biodiversity there is on a global scale, given that there is still so much biodiversity to discover. The Birds Head Seascape in Indonesia is home to more than 1,200 species of fish and 600 species ofcoral. As large-scale afforestation of the former Aral seabed is planned to continue through 2030, as stipulated by the Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of UzbekistanFootnote 2, there is at the very least a need for planning and monitoring, as well as selection of native species to ensure afforestation success. They include everything from cleaning water and absorbing chemicals, which wetlands do, to providing oxygen for us to breatheone of the many things that plants do for people. As reported by Schlter, et al. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-5684-7_38. This would in turn mean increased vulnerability to droughts, decreased water availability, reduced crop yields and increased disease transmission (e.g., malaria) (Huang, Yu, Dai, Wei, & Kang, 2017), (UNCCD, 2017). Environmental Management (2023). Coral reefs are believed by many to have the highest biodiversity of any ecosystem on the planeteven more than a tropical rainforest. Even when species are protected under federal or state laws, they are typically more vulnerable outside of lands that are managed to protect biodiversity, Dr. Hamilton said. Sudochye-Akpetki state wildlife sanctuaryFootnote 6 total area: 2805.07km2, year of designation: 2021. It can be used more specifically to refer to all of the speciesin one region or ecosystem. Hence option B is correct. We're on the ground in seven regions across the country, collaborating with 52 state and territory affiliates to reverse the crisis and ensure wildlife thrive. The Cape Floristic Region in South Africa is home to about 6,200 plant species found nowhere else in the world. Stein, Bruce A., Lynn S. Kutner and Jonathan S. Adams. Glob Change Biol 27:13281348. Species by the NumbersScientists have identified about 1.75 million different species. https://doi.org/10.1080/14728028.2008.9752644, Lemly AD, Kingsford RT, Thompson JR (2000) Irrigated agriculture and wildlife conservation: Conflict on a global scale. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Only about 2,800 live in Canadas Quebecprovince.The warm waters of the western Pacific and Indian Oceans tend to be the most diversemarineenvironments. The recent study by the UN (ILRI, 2021) reveals that rangelands occupy 54% of the global terrestrial surface and cover about 57% of the territory of Uzbekistan (Toderich, et al., 2013a). Identifying and understanding the relationships between all the life on Earth are some of . On a much smaller scale, one can study biodiversity within a pond ecosystem or a neighborhood park. WILL GIVE BRAINLIEST. Mackinnon K, Mrema EM, Richardson K, Cooper D, Gidda SB (2021) Editorial essay: Protected and conserved areas: Contributing to more ambitious conservation outcomes post 2020. However, only around 1.2 million species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.07.012, Toderich KN, Shuyskaya EV, Rajabov TF, Ismail S, Shaumarov M, Yoshiko K, Li EV (2013a) Uzbekistan: Rehabilitation of desert rangelands affected by salinity, to improve food security, combat desertification and maintain the natural resource base. McGrath, Kimberley A., ed. As the number of ecological issues associated with biodiversity loss, climate change, food security is expected to grow in the coming decades, protected areas are seen as an effective adaptation and mitigation tool (MacKinnon, Dudley, & Sandwith, 2011). For instance, local residents in Muynak region of Karakalpakstan get hired by the State Forestry Committee to collect the seeds of saxaul plants on a seasonal basis. A groundbreaking bipartisan bill aims to address the looming wildlife crisis before it's too late, while creating sorely needed jobs. (S. Alikhanova, Interviewer), Arashkevich EG, Sapozhnikov PV, Soloviov KA, Kudyshkin TV, Zavialov PO (2009) Artemia parthenogenetica (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from the Large Aral Sea: Abundance, distribution, population structure and cyst production. The Rights Holder for media is the person or group credited. Glob Change Biol. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative, Over 10 million scientific documents at your fingertips, Not logged in Regional Environ Change 13:493508. Species go extinct because of natural shifts in the environment that take place over long periods of time, such as ice ages. Overuse of natural resources. Pretend you're taking a look at the species biodiversity within a local pond. Examples of grassland restoration activities given as NbS options, i.e., prohibition of grazing in some areas of China (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), were reported to have compromised herders income opportunities. Environ Sci Policy 41:7788. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. An additional nested search was performed to expand the general results to the geographic case study region of focus, using the following combinations (TITLE-ABS-KEY) AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, English, Russian)): nature-based AND solutions AND Central Asia, nature-based AND solutions AND Aral Sea, ecosystem-based AND Aral Sea, rangeland AND Aral Sea, grassland AND Aral Sea, wetland AND Aral Sea. You cannot download interactives. Uniting all Americans to ensure wildlife thrive in a rapidly changing world, Inspire a lifelong connection with wildlife and wild places through our children's publications, products, and activities, National Wildlife Federation is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization. Biome is another name for a distinct type of ecosystem. However, it is notable that agroforestry in croplands has been erroneously proposed as an afforestation measure in some papers reviewed. Due to its diversity of freshwater and marine ecosystems, the United States ranks particularly high in terms of fish species. Arid Land Res Manag 28:410427. D. Smaller populations are less likely to go extinct than larger populations, so the species diversity will remain constant., Which of the following examples illustrates the community with the highest biodiversity?
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