Module 4 Assignment.pdf - The Twelve Tables 1. The Cicero and his Italian Clients in the Forensic Speeches, The Rhetoric of Character in the Roman Courts, Audience Expectations, Invective, and Proof. Manil. In the Fourth Verrine, for example, when he is dealing with Verres theft of art treasures, he affects to be unable to recall the name of the famous sculptor Polyclitus (Verr. Consequently this passage, though it might formally be termed digressio, is, like other digressions in Ciceros speeches, central to the case. Your email address will not be published. After this, 16 closes with the argument that literature is inherently pleasant. Here it is done with charm. (III) For when first Archias grew out of childhood, and out of the studies of those arts by which young boys are gradually trained and refined, he devoted himself to the study of writing. (PDF) The Art of Citizenship: Roman Cultural Identity in Cicero's Pro Here, however, Cicero does need to explain briefly why Archias was never included in a census: that of 89 was abandoned, and when censuses were held in 86 and 70 he was each time accompanying L. Lucullus on campaign in the East. This is understandable in view of the higher social status of the Metelli. As for his declaration before the praetor Metellus, Cicero produces the citizen lists which Metellus compiled, argues for their accuracy, and points to the name of A. Licinius. Arch. The introductory material places the Pro Archia among Ciceros most aesthetically powerful orations and stresses the speechs championing of humanistic principles. Nat. Some time later, Archias accompanied M. Lucullus on a visit to Sicily, and on their return journey Lucullus arranged for him to be granted honorary citizenship at Heraclea in Lucania. Then these people seek out a foreigner even now after his death because he was a poet: Will we reject this man alive who is ours by both his will and laws when Archias has for so long applied all of his studies and genius entire towards honoring the glory in praise of the Roman people? The notes to section 27 could offer more help with Fulvius non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. But Archias was only a poet, and it would be too much to suppose that the trial had any great political significance. At 18 Cicero moves to the second part of the digressio. Classical Art History, History of Scholarship of, Greek Domestic Architecture c.800 bce to c.100 bce, History of Modern Classical Scholarship (Since 1750), The. He finally arrived at Rome in 102, when C. Marius and Q. Lutatius Catulus were consuls. Livius Drusus was a nobleman, a man II. His method of dealing with this prejudice is to include a lengthy passage on literature which presents Archias and his poetry in terms which the jurors will find unobjectionable, and perhaps even praiseworthy. This paper examines Cicero's Pro Archia Poeta Oratio and the author's implicit and explicit views on how Roman cultural identity is constructed. But all books, all the words of the wise and all history are full of examples which teach this lessonexamples which would all be lying in obscurity, had not the light of the written word been brought to them. It is this potential prejudice that Cicero has to overcome in the remainder of the speech. He continues ( 14): Sed pleni omnes sunt libri, plenae sapientium voces, plena exemplorum vetustas; quae iacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi litterarum lumen accederet. This is a fair parallel, since Homer and Archias were both Greek poets who produced poems narrating the exploits of military leaders. Pro Archia, then, is genuinely, all of it, an exercise in persuasion. This chapter reviews the historical circumstances of Archias' trial, and then discusses the speech itself and some of the issues it raises, especially that of why the encomium of literature is included, and how it contributes to the defence. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Lucullus, indeed, and Drusus and Octavius, and Cato and the whole house of Hortensii, since he held them bound by close social ties, he was treated by them with the highest of honors; for not only did everyone cultivate his friendship who devoted to hear and to take in anything they did, but even those who only pretended.", It is . Later, in 89, the lex Plautia Papiria was passed, and Cicero quotes the clause which covered Archias case: persons would be granted Roman citizenship if (a) they had previously been enrolled as a citizen of a federate state, (b) they had had a fixed residence in Italy at the time when the law was passed, and (c) they declared themselves before a praetor within sixty days ( 7). Scholars all give the date as 62, citing our passage; but our passage is not so specific. A typical jurorone of a panel of seventy-five20would have taken an entirely different view. Cicero cannot conceal or explain away Archias occupation, and so he has no choice but to make a virtue of it. Whether this reason or his desire to protect his old teacher weighed more heavily with him it would be foolish to speculate.14 A third reason not explicitly mentioned in the speech but quite clear from it is that Cicero wished to oblige the Luculli. The legal argument now being triumphantly concluded, it might be assumed that Ciceros defence is over. Here again we find the elevated and lyrical style used earlier at 16; the opinion of some scholars29 that this passage isturgid is refuted by Quintilian, who cites it, sometimes with explicit approval, no fewer than six times (Inst. The comparison with Ennius is a useful one for Cicero, since Ennius was Romes great national poet and would have been fully acceptable to the jury. Our information about Archias derives almost exclusively from Ciceros speech. That generation will be fortunate to begin reading the Pro Archia with this edition. Literature tells and celebrates achievements. But the poem on Ciceros consulship seems never to have been written, a strange omission on Archias part, since he had a clear duty to provide it. In 1, Cicero claims that he owes his skill in speaking to Archias. Cicero, for his part, had no wish to become embroiled in this conflict between Pompey and Lucullus, and was anxious to remain on friendly terms with both men;23 although the speech contains much praise of Lucullus, the one reference that there is to Pompey is highly complimentary ( 24). What he does, in fact, is to base his defence upon a positive, robust view of literature (as we shall see below), and in this strategy the style of his speech, as displayed initially in the exordium, plays an integral part. American Archias: Cicero, Epic Poetry, and The Souls of Black Folk Lucullus must have helped to bring about Ciceros election to the consulship, and in July 63 Cicero in return had enabled Lucullus to celebrate his long-delayed triumph (Cic. 4.74), and there is no reason to suppose that the one that heard Archias the following year was any different. Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. 12.73); Cic. Archiass defense was undertaken by a former pupil of his, the previous years Consul, Marcus Tullius Cicero. The text which Cicero later published as his Pro Archia attracts most scholarly attention for the so-called Encomium of Literature that Cicero delivers to convince the jury that Archias has contributed more than enough to the Republic to earn his citizenship. Cicero begins his account of Archias' life and travels through Asia and Greece during the poet's early career before his first arrival in Rome. In the narratio, the facts are very simply stated. The Speech for Aulus Licinius Archias, the Poet - Forum Romanum Inst. It is for that reason that many noble Romans had a poet to write for them. The prosecution of Archias was probably undertaken, as we have seen, by a supporter of Pompey, and was directed not so much against Archias as against his patron L. Lucullus. In his argument, Cicero discusses the benefits of literature, the intrinsic dignity or virtue of poets and the relationship of the poet to the state. 13.6.4), L. Licinius Murena, the consulelect. In 62 B.C.E., the poet Archias, Marcus Tullius Cicero's childhood tutor, faced prosecution based on the tribunal law of Gaius Papius, which expelled non-Roman citizens from Rome. He was defended by Cicero in the speech known as Pro Archia, but the issue of the trial is unknown. [3] Due to political unrest, Archias, while yet a mere youth, left Antioch and travelled around the major cities of Asia Minor, Greece, and Italy, in each of . Cicero cannot conceal or explain away Archias' occupation, and so he has no choice but to make a virtue of it. The digressio begins as if in anticipation of a question from the prosecutor ( 12):You will no doubt ask me, Grattius, why I am so delighted with this man (Quaeres a nobis, Gratti, cur tanto opere hoc homine delectemur). That's comparable to the share who say the same about the federal budget deficit (49%), violent crime (48% . If Cicero had wished to be less ambiguous he could have said:When I was a child, Archias was my tutor in Greek poetry, and I benefited from his teaching. In Pro Archia, then, it is partly in order to minimize the political element that Cicero places so much emphasis on literary questions. (Watts translation[4]). Expand or collapse the "in this article" section, Expand or collapse the "related articles" section, Expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section, Art and Archaeology, Research Resources for Classical, Bilingualism and Multilingualism in the Roman World, Bronze Age Aegean, Death and Burial in the. On the political aspect see further Gruen and Stockton (cited n. 12), the former making too much of and the latter too little of the trials political significance. At the same time he is also alluding to the uniquely Roman custom whereby nobles kept wax masks (imagines) of their ancestors who had held curule office within the atria of their houses. The authority of these great Romans (all were consuls and two were also censor) wins Cicero his point after all; the technique is the same as that used at 6. After providing the jury with the legal foundations of Archiass citizenship, he proceeds to argue that even if reasonable doubt were to surround Archiass claim to be a Roman citizen, he should nevertheless be considered worthy of inclusion in the citizen body as a result of the contribution his poetry has made to the Republic. A large part of Archias output, and his entire output before he attracted Roman patronage, would doubtless have consisted of poems on typical Hellenistic themes (the epigrams in the Greek Anthology which may be his include erotic poems, dedications to a god, epitaphs, and poems on a work of art). First we have Alexander at Sigeum, desiderating a Homer who could write of his achievements. In reality Archias, if he ever wore a toga at all, which is doubtful, would not have done so until 89, by which time he had been settled in Rome for thirteen years. Law of the Twelve Tables | Roman law | Britannica The oration was rediscovered in Lige by Petrarch in 1333.[2]. There was no official enrollment record for Archias in Heraclea because the records office had notoriously been destroyed during the, He also appeared in the records of the praetor. "Pro Archia is a delightful speech delivered by Cicero in defense of A. Licinius Archias, a Greek poet whose eligibility for Roman citizenship was challenged in 62 bce. Archias was acquitted, as he surely deserved to be: of Ciceros clients, Archias is one of those of whom we can say with most certainty that he was innocent of the crime with which he was charged.15 We hear of him again in 61, presumably still living in Rome, and contemplating writing a poem for the Metelli (Att. The speech then comes to stand as proof of Archiass great teaching, as Ciceros exceptional command of language and rhetoric illustrates his teachers vast influence. Luc. 9.2.612). Go fishing with the idea that Cicero (and classical authors tout court) keenly considered and combined form and content in a manner that was meaningful and not simply mechanical, and at least some students will bite.2 C. astutely notes how Cicero, while describing Archias attempts to obtain citizenship (section 7), imitates the language of the law he has just cited in order to suggest Archias compliance with it. In 13 he contrasts his own study of literature with the frivolous amusements of others: if others devote their spare time to the games, to parties, and dice, why should he not devote his to a pursuit which, he repeats, enables him to defend people in court? erature or the humanities and the law, the defense of Archias the poet is indeed a story worth recounting today and for ages hence.' Due to an eloquent, lengthy, and, arguendo, even quite unnecessary digression, Cicero's speech on the poet's behalf, Pro Auluo Licinio Archia Poeta Oratio, has justly achieved a measure A brief discussion of content would also be useful at this crucial moment in the speech. This was a suitable house for a member of the nobility, as Cicero now was, and it would, incidentally, have been one of the ones frequented by Archias in the 90s, having been the residence then of M. Drusus (Vell. Cicero is not, however, attempting to predate Archias acquisition of the citizenship: he is simply encouraging the jury to think of Archias in terms appropriate to a Roman citizen. Sat. C. largely bases his text on Clarks OCT (1911) and mentions textual problems only when absolutely necessary. He starts with his trademark periodic sentence by depicting his strengths of natural talent, experience, and strategy while appearing humble and inferior to the qualities of his client. The legal argument, that Archias is a Roman citizen, is divided into two roughly equal halves, the narratio ( 4b7) and the confirmatio ( 811). Expressions of thanks or praise should be sent directly to the reviewer, using the email address in the review. Literature and Persuasion in Cicero's Pro Archia Archias was a Greek poet, a native of Antioch, who came to Rome in the train of Lucullus, when Cicero was a child. While the defense of Archias relies on the Lex Julia and Lex Plautia Papiria, Cicero verges from the conventional legal dialogue. Cicero's famous defense of the poet Aulus Licinius Archias in Pro Archia Poeta Oratio remains one of the most eloquent and important works of Latin literature to date. The poet was originally Greek but had been living in Rome for an extended period of time. (Cic. Cicero was always aware of the importance of entertaining and amusing his audiences, and he won them over partly by providing them with passages they would derive pleasure from listening to. In 65 the tribune C. Papius had carried a law expelling from Rome all non-citizens who did not have a fixed residence in Italy: residents of Rome, therefore, who could not prove themselves Roman citizens, were liable to be prosecuted under the law and expelled from the city. 115; Tusc. If he has not, then the further argument is obviously required. He says that he was yet only sixteen or seventeen years old, wearing the striped toga or praetextatus, when he began his studies in the arts and gained the attention of some of Rome's most influential citizens. Key facts about Americans and guns | Pew Research Center If Archias had not already possessed Roman citizenship, Cicero says, he could easily have obtained it as a favour from some general such as Sulla, or from his friend Metellus Pius ( 2526a). For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here. 6.53.910; Cic. He continued, however, to live in Rome. The Pro Archia, or, to give it its full (and translated) name, the Speech on Behalf of Aulus Licinius Archias the Poet, is a speech given by the Roman orator Cicero, in defence of Archias on the charge of falsely claiming to be a Roman citizen. It is perhaps most likely that Grattius was acting on his own initiative to avenge an imagined slight to his patron (who was still away in Asia)the slight being simply that Archias had given Lucullus extravagant praise in his poem on the Mithridatic War. It could even be read as a sort of laudatio funebris for Archias, Cicero, and liberal learning. It is only in Pro Archia, however, that the style is made to play an active part in the process ( 3): quaeso a vobis ut in hac causa mihi detis hanc veniam accommodatam huic reo, vobis, quem ad modum spero, non molestam, ut me pro summo poeta atque eruditissimo homine dicentem hoc concursu hominum litteratissimorum, hac vestra humanitate, hoc denique praetore exercente iudicium, patiamini de studiis humanitatis ac litterarum paulo loqui liberius, et in eius modi persona quae propter otium ac studium minime in iudiciis periculisque tractata est uti prope novo quodam et inusitato genere dicendi. Such language does not occur often in Ciceros speeches, at least after the earlier ones:27 as we have already observed, the style of this speech is pitched at a higher level than normal. Persuasion of a different kind occurs in the next section ( 6): Erat temporibus illis iucundus Q. Metello illi Numidico et eius Pio filio, audiebatur a M. Aemilio, vivebat cum Q. Catulo et patre et filio, a L. Crasso colebatur, Lucullos vero et Drusum et Octavios et Catonem et totam Hortensiorum domum devinctam consuetudine cum teneret, adficiebatur summo honore , Back in those days Archias was regarded with affection by the famous Q. Metellus Numidicus and his son Pius; his recitations were attended by M. Aemilius; he was constantly in the company of Q. Catulus and his son; his friendship was cultivated by L. Crassus; and as for the Luculli, Drusus, the Octavii, Cato, and the entire family of the Hortensii, he was on the closest terms with all of them and was treated by them with the greatest respect . (DOC) Cicero's Defense of Archias: An Analysis of Cicero's Rhetorical The accusation is believed to have been a political move against Lucullus through Archias. Porter (cited n. 14) 140 f.; MacKendrick (cited n. 16) 110 f. Cf. Cicero now moves on to the confirmatio, which, because of the simplicity of the case, is almost as brief as the narratio. )28 is cited in support of this view; at 31 Cicero will go further and claim thateveryone (apud omnis) has always held poets to be sacred. But for Cicero, the opportunity to make play with Marius name a third time was too tempting to pass up. (one sentence). After the Social War, citizenship was granted to the allies by the lex Iulia in 90, and this was followed in 89 by a further measure, the lex Plautia Papiria, which among other provisions extended the citizenship to honorary citizens of federate states not resident in those states but nevertheless resident in Italy, provided that they reported to one of the praetors at Rome within sixty days.10 As an honorary citizen of Heraclea, which had been allied to Rome since 278, and being long resident in Rome, Archias duly reported to the praetor Metellus Pius within the specified period. He reinforces that proposition through the alliteration of Mars, manubiae, and the Muses: the language demonstrates the idea. But the Asiatic Greeks (and it was the Asiatic part of the Greek world from which Archias originated) are presented in uniformly negative terms. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. The prosecutor, Grattius, is not otherwise known, but in view of the hostility between Lucullus and Pompey he is usually assumed to have been one of Pompeys supporters, and the prosecution is therefore interpreted as an attack by a supporter of Pompey on the protg of Pompeys enemy Lucullus.12 This seems plausible: it is difficult to see why anyone should otherwise have wished to call into question Archias citizenship, which had gone unchallenged for twenty-seven years. In 1516 Cicero considers the objection that many of the great Romans of old were not themselves lovers of literature. D. 1.79).7 The other consul, Marius, though reputedly uninterested in Greek culture, approved of Archias poem on Marius own defeat of the Cimbri in 101 ( 19). Cicero claims that this covered the warin its entirety (Mithridaticum vero bellum totum ab hoc expressum est, 21), but in view of the great hostility which had arisen between Lucullus and Pompey this must be an exaggeration: the poem was a commission from the Luculli (Att. Cicero describes that his personal connection to Archias is through his writings. Cicero divided the speech by following the formal structure of the dispositio: Cicero begins his speech by gaining the goodwill or benevolentia of the judges. In any case, Archias is mentioned once more by Cicero, in a philosophical treatise of 44, with affection (Div. It was in 62 that Cicero sought to improve his social position (Att. Archias did not appear on the Roman census because he was away on campaign with Lucullus at each time they were taken. The Romans seem to have found it advantageous to make use of every argument at their disposal, not merely the decisive ones: this can be observed not only in oratory but also for example in Lucretius. Phil. C. has introduced some modifications to the commentary to meet the perceived needs of high-school students reading the Pro Archia as part of the Advanced Placement Latin Literature curriculum. C. also knows when less is more. 41.3, 42.4), and in politics they shared the same conservative outlook. Saxa atque solitudines voci respondent, bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur atque consistunt; nos instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce moveamur? Cicero immediately takes us into a world of intelligent culture in which he and Archias play a part, and in which the jury are flattered into fancying that they also belong. Pro Archia Poeta - Wikipedia The two examples he mentions here are Alexander the Great and Pompey the Great ( 24); the comparison is highly complimentary to the latter. Quam multas nobis imagines non solum ad intuendum verum etiam ad imitandum fortissimorum virorum expressas scriptores et Graeci et Latini reliquerunt! This paper examines Cicero's Pro Archia Poeta Oratio and the author's implicit and explicit views on how Roman cultural identity is constructed. The high stylistic level, secondly, serves to establish an atmosphere of culture and sophistication, and this too is something that was best done right from the start. The transition is made by mentioning Archias (not referred to since 12, or named since 9) and marvelling at his ability both to improvise (cf. There is then a confirmatio ( 811), which consists of arguments based on the facts as given in the narratio. Although technically delivered in a court of law, the speech possesses the unique characteristics of a more ornamental realm of oratory, epideictic, which includes speeches such as funeral orations, or laudatio funebris. In this regard C.s correct but unconnected observation on Ciceros avoidance of strict parallelism at the end of section 27 (sentence 2 on the note to togati iudices) strikes me as awkwardly formalistic (one wonders if Gotoffs analysis lurks in the background).3 Yet the immediately preceding comment (sentence 1) on Ciceros attempt to insert Archias into an esteemed line of Roman exempla both hits the mark and gives students food for thought. Cicero came to his former teacher's defense at his trial in 62 BC, only months after delivering the famous Catiline Orations. Cicero says that he attracted the attention of the Metelli Numidicus and Pius, M. Aemilius Scaurus, and L. Crassus, and also that he was on close terms with M. Livius Drusus (the tribune of 91), the Octavii, Cato (the father of Uticensis), and the Hortensii ( 6).8 During this period the young Cicero also received instruction from Archias ( 1): Archias was presumably his Greek grammatikos.9.
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