Follow The New York Times Opinion section on Facebook, Twitter (@NYTopinion) and Instagram. Butera, F., and Levine, J. M. They may even besuspicious of a new manager who suggests that they update their manufacturing methods. 97, 811822. What kind of social influence can. In contrast, losing social support by virtue of social change (majority minority) should adversely affect a failed majoritys capacity to further advocate their position. Paicheler, G., and Flath, E. (1988). Rev. Importantly, most of these studies were conducted within the information processing (persuasion) framework, elucidating cognitive responses to a minority (vs. majority) advocacy and eventual attitudinal changes on the objects of advocacy (e.g., Mackie, 1987; Baker and Petty, 1994; Erb and Bohner, 2001; Martin and Hewstone, 2008). At what point in time does it become public and sufficiently substantial to change social relations and social structure within a group? eds. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 363394. 13:911654. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.911654. Majority and minority influence: Source position imbalance as a determinant of message scrutiny. (1974). Minority influence theory, in Handbook of Theories in Social Psychology. The social impact of majorities and minorities. As a subscriber, you have 10 gift articles to give each month. The effects of social change within a group on membership preferences: to leave or not to leave. This may be especially true for new majorities (former minorities) who earn their position through social change. (1998). In counting the American people, the Census Bureau may distinguish between Black, white, Asian and Hispanic, but it indiscriminately recognizes them all as fellow Americans as people who count and therefore must be counted. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 229262. Psychol. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.68.1.5. Minority origin of change is no less true for research on social influence than any other arena. Vol. Group Process. This original momentum may subsequently garner greater support and even turn majorities into advocates for change who, in the process of social cryptomnesia, often forget its originators (Mugny and Prez, 1989). Yet, even a cursory analysis of real life groups will show that this motive features prominently in social influence exchanges. Learn to interpret body language signals and better understand people's emotions. 71, 11811193. Over time, as members evaluate a minority view, they may internalize it - adopting it as their own opinion through a process known as conversion. Their simultaneous activation in simulated interactions ultimately yields a system settled into a pattern of overall convergence in social attitudes but importantly, with some clustering of factions holding minority positions (Latan and Nowak, 1997). eds. Sign Up. doi: 10.1177/1368430210395636. In 2015, the Census Bureau published a report projecting that by 2044, the United States white majority would become merely a white plurality: immigration and fertility trends would lead to Americas ethnic and racial minorities outnumbering its white population. doi: 10.1080/14792779108401862. Itslike in the Milgramstudies in which people were less As an illustration of the epistemic value of the time perspective approach to understanding the consequences of successful minority influence, and a test of the above-mentioned Hypothesis 1, consider a longitudinal study that examined reactions of a minority faction within a group who successfully converted a sufficient number of majority members to its position to effectively turn themselves into a new majority and ipso facto, the former majority into a new minority (Prislin and Christensen, 2005b, Study 2). According to reactance theory. To orient research toward social change, a research agenda is presented, along with a few illustrative studies. Over time, however, successful minoritys initial tepid reactions should increase in positivity if their newly won majority position stabilizes within the group (Hypothesis 1, see below Agenda item 1). A. Kruglanski and W. Stroebe (New York: Psychology Press), 321339. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 122159. When successful, these minorities redefine what is acceptable within groups boundaries. Their influence raises important questions about the conditions under which minorities will (non) seek social change. Psychol. It was this insight into the role of minorities that made Moscovici a luminary in social psychology. This research has also documented many contingencies for such impact, including newcomers and the existing group members idiosyncratic and shared characteristics (for reviews, see Levine and Prislin, 2013; Levine and Tindale, 2015). Mugny, G., and Prez, J. Psychol. Group Processes. In a country whose history has been shaped by the boundaries among racial groups, this projected demographic shift is undoubtedly important. These are but some of the important questions that await answers. reciprocal concessions (door-in-the-face). 5. eds. According to the genetic model of Moscovici (1976), the power of minorities to effect social change lies in their capacity to create a social conflict with majorities through vigorous advocacy of their position. This shows that a consistent minority is 6.95% more effective than an inconsistent minority and that consistency is an important factor in minority influence. Note: It is important to note that consistency and commitment are linked. If a minority is consistent in their view then they also are showing commitment to their cause. More recently, social change has been examined as a function of two factors: Indirect minority influence, defined as attitudinal change on culturally relevant issues different from but related to the focal issue of minority advocacy, and cultural drift, defined as mistakes in copying culturally relevant attributes due to small errors in the learning and memory processes. Martin, R., and Hewstone, M. (2008). This might, over time, lead the employees to reconsider their reluctance to change, leading to the majority overcoming a groupthink mentality and gradually changing its opinion. Critical thinkingis discouraged, with dissenters being ostracised by the majority. Vol. Vol. embracing the attitudes of thecrowd), it does not always result in conversion - a change in a persons unexpressed, private views. Bull. Clark and Maass (1990) found that the size of the majority within a group can affect the ability of a minority to influence members. These circumstances cannot be easily organized in a unifying model within either the information processing (persuasion) framework (but see Martin and Hewstone, 2008) or the interacting group framework, much less under an omnibus framework. Day 64 of '75 Days of Partition' - Partition's impacts on - Facebook What explains the effectiveness of these approaches? Chen, X., and Kruglanski, A. W. (2009). Soc. This socio-cognitive conflict may be resolved over time such that some majority members privately adopt the minority position. Copyright 2022 Prislin. eds. Minority dissent and team innovation: the importance of participation in decision making. 32, 459479. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.79.3.385. A. Simpson and D. T. Kendrick (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 307343. eds. The field took notice. The newly established more inclusive group standard encompasses both minorities and majorities as constitutive elements of the group, representing a gain for the former at no cost for the latter. (eds.) There is no future in which white people disappear from America, but there is also no future in which the understanding of whiteness stays the same. Prislin, R., Boyle, S., Davenport, C., Farley, A., Jacobs, E., Michalak, J., et al. Since then, for a certain subset of Americans, each annual release by the bureau neutral, nonpartisan researchers who produce deliberately staid reports has become a sort of countdown to the white apocalypse. At the same time, their behavior style invites an attributional analysis that forces a majority to consider the merits of the minoritys non-normative position. Here are some tips. The Power of Minorities. Conversion vs. tolerance: minority-focused influence strategies can affect group loyalty. Soc. (1996). Take our 5-minute anger test to find out if you're angry! Sci. L. Berkowitz (New York: Academic Press), 309367. However, for some minorities (e.g., LGBT, ethnic, racial minorities), this path to social change is neither desirable nor feasible. A., Busceme, S., and Blackstone, T. (1994). Similarly, although minorities may partially satisfy their motive for social acceptance within their faction, to be fully integrated within a group, they must seek broader acceptance. Conversion and tolerance are fundamentally distinct paths to social change with different consequences for group dynamics (Prislin et al., 2018). Finally, a separate but still very much cognitive line of inquiry has focused on the styles of thinking inspired by minority (vs. majority) pressures, examining thought modality (e.g., Nemeth, 1986) and complexity (e.g., Gruenfeld, 1995). Is Thought That Automatic Mimicry of Others Occurs Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher. Social Influence and Social Change. The status quo in these arenas is first broken by the rebellious few. Even though it promoted the rights of a minority of the population, the movement helped to end public segregation based on race with the passing of the Civil Rights Act in 1964. Future Americans will identify with new communities. G. Barnett and F. F. Boster, (Ablex), 4374. Stoking fears of white decline reinforces the myth that this whiteness always included all who now identify with it as if the Irish had never been demonized, as if Italians had never endured discrimination, as if Jews had never been excluded. 12 Angry men notes & discussion - University of Alberta Procedural mechanisms and jury behavior, in Applied Social Psychology. Lest we succumb to the same trap, it is worth remembering that every social change, including those that turned disastrous for the world (e.g., Nazi movement), was originated by a minority. Nemeth, C. J. Moreover, the informational influence strategy may be combined differently with other strategies (e.g., procedural tools, threats, coalition-building) in service of a particular motive. While conformity involves pressure from the majority on an individual, minority influence puts pressure on the majority. Br. Crano, W. D. (2001). In doing so, minorities make themselves visibly non-normative, hence, creating a social conflict. Shafer, E. S., and Prislin, R. (2011). Also, the authors own line of research on group dynamics in the aftermath of social change could be added to this minority category in that its focus on group dynamics is underrepresented in minority influence research (Prislin, 2010; Prislin et al., 2017). Instead, it Brainwashing, its origins and its use in cults and media. Terrorism as a tactic of minority influence, in Coping With Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. (1981). Intergroup Relat. 79, 385397. Social influence in groups, in Group Processes. A look at common defense mechanisms we employ to protect the ego. Minority influence is a type of social influence which results in a change ofviews amongstthe majority of members within a group. Differential contributions of majority and minority influence. (2009). (1991). Soc. Majority and minority influence: A single process, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Prislin, R., and Wood, W. (2005). On the other hand, minorities motivated to be socially accepted need not necessarily seek converts to their position.5 Rather, they may pursue social change by advocating for tolerance. It remained consistently high over time. In the immediate aftermath of social change, the new majority showed little attachment to the groupa finding consistent with previous studies (Prislin et al., 2000, 2002; Prislin and Christensen, 2002, 2005b). Soc. eds. Nemeth, C. J. and Wachtler, J. How have norm-based approaches been used to curb binge drinking on college campuses? (1997). F. Butera and J. Levine (New York: Cambridge University Press), 202221. Curr. Prislin, R., Davenport, C., Xu, Y., Moreno, R., and Honeycutt, N. (2018). Econometrica 47, 263291. The resulting backlash created a wave of support for the xenophobic Know Nothing movement and its nativist American Party. In what follows, the importance of these factors is discussed and illustrated by a few initial explorations. These minorities, often primarily motivated to broaden their social acceptance, are likely to seek social change advocating for tolerance. Also, it has informed efforts to address such important issues as jury deliberations (Nemeth, 1981), minority victimization (Moscovici and Prez, 2007), terrorism (Chen and Kruglanski, 2009), educational reform (Butera et al., 2021), climate change (Bolderdijk and Jans, 2021), and dietary practices (De Groeve and Rosenfeld, 2022). Psychol. The latter strategies are especially likely in the cases of mutual interdependence between majorities and minorities. Vol. One should never waste a good crisis. As a majority view gained the support of more members, individuals holding an opposite viewpoint were less able to influence the group. Shared reality: Motivated connection and motivated cognition, in Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles. Soc. All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. They have been conducted within the framework of the gain-loss asymmetry model of change in minority and majority positions (Prislin and Christensen, 2005a). eds. The Times is committed to publishing a diversity of letters to the editor. Yet, answering some questions, including those about minority influence in generating social change, requires just such kind of research. eds. As nothing stands still, any groups position is only temporary. Klandermans, B. (2010). In the subsequent decades, scores of studies have tested (Wood et al., 1994), expanded (Nemeth and Walacher, 1983; De Dreu and West, 2001), and challenged (Latan and Wolf, 1981; Tanford and Penrod, 1984) Moscovicis ideas. *Correspondence: Radmila Prislin, [email protected], New Advances in Social Influence: Theoretical Insights and Methodological Challenges, View all Whereas turning opponents to supporters appeared to make successful minorities smarter, successfully retaining initially won support did not affect successful majoritys persuasibility. Without considering time, some questions are never asked and important phenomena are poorly understood. The researchers found that when the confederate seated themselves, without guidance, at the head seat, other participants were more likely to agree with their suggestion of an amount of compensation than if they followed the experimenter's directions. doi: 10.1037/h0046408. Unlike compliance, where a person changes his or her outward behavior but not their private opinions, minority influence can have a lasting effect on an individuals views and behavior even when they leave the group. Similarly, reactions to social influence are typically assessed once at a single point in time. A person subjected to majority influence will try to gain the acceptance of a group by complying with its norms, but may retain their private views contravening those of the majority. Adding to these theoretical and analytical reasons are powerful pragmatic reasons: ever increasing demands on publishing productivity, which is often used as a proxy for scientific contribution, are easier to satisfy with a minimalist approach to minority influence where social conditions and social responses are reduced to information to be processed or generated, with an individual, rather than a group, as a unit of analysis. Minority influence research was sparked by Moscovicis observation about the power of active minorities to instigate social change. 76, 10391053. An earlier analysis of this index has identified 238 unique empirical studies on minority influence published between 1960, when the foundational research on minority influence first appeared, and December 2011 (see Prislin et al., 2017). Instead of identifying with the minority group, individuals will dissociate the minority views from the people who promoted them. Provide examples. WebThis article attempts to highlight the Uzbek-Afghan cooperation, consistently reveals a retrospective of the issue, but the main focus is on the deve- lopment of relations between states after 1992, when diplomatic relations were The proposed agenda for future research on social change effected through minority influence is hardly comprehensive. Soc. ANS: B DIF: Moderate REF: Conformity OBJ: 9.2D MSC: Remembering This state of affairs is rather paradoxical given Moscovicis original theorizing and ultimately, most minorities goals. Toward a theory of conversion behavior, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. These initially created positions either remained stable throughout the groups interactions or were reversed when, halfway through the groups interactions, several opponents (supporters) switched their alliances to support (oppose) the participant. Psychol. (eds.) people should benefit those who benefit them. Contends that in most studies comparing majority and minority influence, there is an emphasis on influence in the sense of prevailing. Within this context, evidence exists that majorities exert more public influence and that minority influence, when it occurs, tends to operate primarily at the latent level. A final observation regarding minority influence is that, after being successfully persuaded by a minority, people tend to forget the origins of their new views. This phenomenon, known as social cryptomnesia, often occurs when a person held negative views of the minority whose views they adopted. WebMinority influence is the opposite process of conformity. Moscovici, S. (1994). Minority influence: A meta-analytical review of social influence processes. Rev. Specifically, a minority faction was created by having most confederates oppose the participants stance on one or more socially important issues; conversely, a majority faction was created by having most confederates support the participants stances. On being influenced while trying to persuade: The feedback effect of persuasion outcomes to the persuader. Inconsistency, or a difference of opinion amongst members of a minority, can result in other individuals rejecting the view. When a significant number of majority members publicly acknowledge their adoption of the minority position, a new norm is created, effectively turning the initial minority into the majority and vice versa. ^A complete list of publications on minority influence referenced here is available from the author upon request. Majority versus minority influence, message processing, and attitude change: The source-context-elaboration model, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. Psychol. doi: 10.1002/ejsp.2420130103. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.115.3.323, Wood, W., Pool, G. J., Leck, K., and Purvis, D. (1996). In what appeared a vicious circle of influence failures, these sources became decreasingly convincing in their advocacy with increasingly negative feedback they received. Gordijn et al (2002) found that a minority was less influential when the number of members expressing an opinion remained constant or decreased, compared to when members perceived the minority to be increasing in numbers. So a 51 percent pan-minority share is unlikely to yield any new majority status without a new pan-ethnic sense of community. It encompasses attitudinal reactions (e.g., growing concerns about climate change), behavioral reactions (e.g., growing use of a clean energy), political impact (e.g., Green parties, which exist in most democratic systems, have entered into several coalition governments, taking premierships in some), and structural changes (e.g., laws mandating elimination of climate-damaging emission by a certain date have been passed in several countries).1. An important contribution of research on newcomers to the group is a demonstration that newcomers, who, by definition, are in a minority, may affect the existing members overt behavior as a highly relevant but generally neglected variable (Levine and Choi, 2010). For instance, a politician who alters his or her stance on an issue may be less effective in convincing the electorate than a candidate who expresses just one view consistently. Why do people to conform in groups? This discrepancy suggests that in the sphere of minority influence, as in many other spheres, interacting, mutually interdependent individuals react differently than solitary individuals processing social information. When a minority expressesa view that contradicts the majority, other group members will be unlikely to gain the acceptance of the wider group if they adopt this minority opinion. 1. Studies done in this tradition have generated valuable insights into the nature and outcomes of minority influence, specifying conditions under which a minority exerts influence and the processing underlying such influence. It has been addressed by restricting a number of factors that presumably shape the dynamics of social influence and employing mathematical simulations to test proposed models. Changing majority and minority positions within a group vs. an aggregate. What are self-affirmations and how can they be used to ward off cognitive dissonance? Latan, B., and Wolf, S. (1981). If so, then prolonged experience in the new majority position should be reassuring, facilitating the new majoritys acceptance of the group as their own. Hypnosis Scripts Minority Influence: An Agenda for Study of Social Change 53, 4152. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.88.5.438, Laughlin, P. R., and Ellis, A. L. (1986). Taking the number of published studies as a readily available, however imperfect, indicator of vigor, the findings are telling. J. Soc. Rather, I am arguing that we should place far less stock in the importance of the results to the future of our country. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Influence and its aftermath: Motives for agreement among minorities and majorities, in Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion. His American nationalism was defiantly civic rather than only ethnic or racial in nature. 31, 595609. Whilst minority influence has led to their internalisation of environmentalist ideas, they reject the notion that the group was responsible for their new recycling routine and maintain a negative view of the minority group. R. Martin and M. Hewstone (New York: Psychology Press), 285312. As we are currently re-evaluating our standards of conduct in light of repeated replication failures, which some label a crisis, it may be an opportune time to re-evaluate the practice of taking publication productivity as a proxy for scientific contribution. Jung, J., Bramson, A., Crano, W. D., Page, S. E., and Miller, J. H. (2021). Give three examples of how the media can shape our conception of social reality? To what extent are people controlled by their roles in society? (2012). One obvious example are elites, though, it could be argued that they represent numerical minorities but not necessarily non-normative minorities. Moscovici, S. (1976). doi: 10.1177/0146167202288008, Prislin, R., and Christensen, P. N. (2002). The number of members within a group expressing a minority opinion also affects the level of influence that they are able to exert on the remaining members. Online communication is indirect and remote, so it is easier to harm others. Figure 1. David, B., and Turner, J. C. (2001). What does Milgram's obedience study tell us about why online communication can become increasingly harmful? WebMAJORITY If the minority can get a few people to defect to their side, then this will often create a snowball effect in which more and more people will change their opinion. This helps puncture a hole in the illusion of unanimity and loosens the pressure to conform. Int. 1. eds. Received: 02 April 2022; Accepted: 30 May 2022; Published: 23 June 2022. Pers. Vol. How is that private change communicated over time? How can minorities influence majorities? - LinkedIn Overcoming the obstacles that moved minority influence research away from elucidating social change is a greater challenge. C. K. de Dreu and N. K. de Vries (Oxford, UK: Blackwell), 229257. A theoretical framework for understanding character judgments of vegan advocates. she will become even more committed to Romeo. Yet, the prevailing research on minority influence seems to have made it so. Although they are distinct compliance strategies, the "that's not all" and "door in the face" techniques share a common mechanism. Learn to read and understand body signals and improve your own body language. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece. Rev. Prospect theory: an analysis of decisions under risk. Political systems, scientific paradigms, religious dogmas, art movements, and fashion styles are all changed by active minorities who successfully challenge the status quo and offer an alternative (Moscovici and Faucheux, 1972; Moscovici, 1976). In spite of a remarkable scientific output, research on minority influence has not addressed its original question about social change. In an experiment in which participants were asked to debate issues such as abortion, they found a negative correlation between the number of members holding a majority view and the sway held by minority views. Research on minority influence, which revitalized the field of social influence, is in need of revitalization itself. Strength from weakness: The fate of opinion minorities in spatially distributed groups, in Understanding Group Behavior. Dynamics of change: Minority influence makes the world go around, in Minority Influence and Innovation: Antecedents, Processes and Consequences. At best, and even that rarely, they are assessed twice, with a second assessment intended to detect the hypothesized delayed effect of minority influence on a focal point of its advocacy (David and Turner, 1996; Crano and Chen, 1998, Study 1; 1999). Manage. Leffet de cryptomnsie sociale [The social cryptomnesia effect]. a request to donate to a charitable organization. Whilst minority influenceinvolves a challenge to popular opinion and group norms, it can serve the interests of the wider population in the long term. Psychol. Erb, H-P., and Bohner, G. (2001). Studies in self-categorization and minority conversion: Is being a member of the out-group an advantage? Participants were instructed to sit around a table to discuss the compensation amount, either in seats which were grouped, or in a solitary seat at the head of the table. Group Processes. Is there a purpose behind our dreams and nightmares? From majority to minority and vice versa: The asymmetrical effects of losing and gaining majority position within a group. eds. Length of time it takes to effect social change may vary but social change is always a process of evolution. The daunting complexity of the social influence dynamics is challenging to capture in a formal model, much less empirical research. 19, 257276. Papastamou, S., and Mugny, G. (1985). D. Albarracn, B. T. Johnson, and M. P. Zanna (Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum), 671706. The findings suggest that the perceived confidence of a minority to make decisions independently of the group can lead to other individuals giving more consideration to its views. Levine, J. M., and Kaarbo, J. Computational modeling and simulations suggest that indirect minority influence yields gradual social change and diversity, whereas cultural drift generates rapid social change and polarization in a society (Jung et al., 2021). Majority influence occurs when the beliefs held by the larger number of individuals in the current social group prevail. Social influence, social identity, and ingroup leniency, in Group Consensus and Minority Influence: Implications for Innovation. Psychol. 15, 323355. This study examined reactions to minority and majority positions that were either stable or reversed through group conversion that transformed opponents The effects of this social change on the new majoritys reactions toward the group in which they prevailed were assessed immediately after the change, and one-, two-, three-, four- and five-weeks after the change.
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